The Blue Sword CHAPTER ONE

She glowered at her glass of squeezed orange. To feel that she had been charmed when she previously shown up here †was it just three months prior? †with the possibility of new squeezed orange consistently. Be that as it may, she had been anxious to be enchanted; this was to be her home, and she needed severely to like it, to be appreciative for it †to carry on well, to make her sibling glad for her and Sir Charles and Lady Amelia satisfied with their liberality. Woman Amelia had clarified that the plantations just a couple of days south and west of here were the best in the nation, and a large number of the oranges she had seen at Home, before she came around here, had most likely originated from those equivalent plantations. It was difficult to have confidence in orange forests as she peered out the window, over the level deserty plain past the Residency, whole by much else overwhelming than a couple of patches of unforgiving grass and hindered sand-hued hedges until it vanished at the feet of the dark and copper-earthy colored mountains. Be that as it may, there was new squeezed orange consistently. She was the first down to the table each morning, and was tenderly prodded by Lady Amelia and Sir Charles about her solid youthful craving; yet it wasn't hunger that drove her up so early. Since her days were unfilled of direction, she was unable to rest when night came, and before sun-up every morning she was more than prepared for the house keeper to go into her room, push back the blinds from the tall windows, and give her some tea. She was regularly up when the lady showed up, and dressed, sitting at her window, for her window confronted a similar bearing as the morning meal room, gazing at the mountains. The hirelings thought mercifully about her, as she gave them minimal additional work; however a woman who rose and dressed herself so early, and without help, was absolutely somewhat capricious. They was aware of her ruined foundation; that clarified a lot; however she was in a fine house now, and her host and lady were quite ready to give her anything she may need, as they had no offspring of their own. She may invest somewhat more energy to adjust to so wonderful a presence. She tried. She realized what the musings behind the looks the hirelings gave her were; she had managed workers previously. However, she was adjusting to her new life as best as her vigorous soul could. She may have shouted, and pounded on the dividers with her clench hands, or bounced over the low windowsill in her room, climbed to the ground by the ivy trellis (unique ivy, reproduced to withstand the desert heat, deliberately watered by Sir Charles' nursery worker consistently), and run off toward the mountains; yet she was attempting her best to be acceptable. So she was simply first to the morning meal table. Sir Charles and Lady Amelia were such was caring to her, and she was partial to them following half a month in their organization. They had, undoubtedly, been definitely more than kind. At the point when her dad passed on a year back, Richard, an extremely junior military assistant, had laid the trouble of an unmarried sister and an involved bequest before Sir Charles, and asked for guidance. (She heard this, to her intense humiliation, from Richard, who needed to be certain she seen the amount she must be thankful for.) He and his significant other had said that they would be glad to offer her a home with them, and Richard, too assuaged to even consider thinking hard about the appropriateness of such a blessing, had kept in touch with her and stated, Come out. He had not explicitly stated, Mind your habits, yet she comprehended that as well. She hadn't any decision. She had known, in light of the fact that her dad had revealed to her five years back when her mom kicked the bucket, that she would have no legacy; what cash there was tied up carefully for the oldest child. â€Å"Not that Dickie will abuse you,† their dad had stated, with the phantom of a grin, â€Å"but I feel that, with your personality, you had best have as far as might be feasible an admonition to surrender to it. You'll like being reliant on your sibling even less, I extravagant, than you like being subject to me.† He tapped his fingers around his work area. The idea that lay quiet between them didn't should be spoken so anyone might hear: that it was not likely she would wed. She was pleased, and on the off chance that she had not been, her folks would have been glad for her. What's more, there is little market for destitute bluebloods of no specific magnificence †particularly when the blueness of the blood is suspected to have been weakened by a sketchy extraordinary grandma on the mother's side. What the tentativeness precisely comprised of, Harry didn't know. With the narcissism of youth she had not thought to ask; and later, after she had understood that she couldn't have cared less for society nor society for her, she wanted to inquire. The shipboard excursion east on the Cecilia had been long yet uneventful. She had discovered her ocean legs nearly without a moment's delay, and had warmed up to a moderately aged woman, likewise voyaging alone, who posed no close to home inquiries, and advanced her books uninhibitedly to her young partner, and examined them with her upon their arrival. She had released her own psyche numb, and had perused the books, and sat in the sun, and walked the decks, and not pondered the past or what's to come. They docked at Stzara without disaster, and she found the earth hurled under her oddly when she previously set foot aground. Richard had been allowed a month's leave to meet her and escort her north to her new home. He looked more youthful than she had expected; he had gone abroad three years prior, and had not been Home again since. He was friendly to her at their gathering, yet vigilant; they appeared to share little for all intents and purpose any more. I shouldn't be amazed, she thought; it's been quite a while since we played together consistently, before Dickie was sent off to class. I'm an encumbrance now, and he has his profession to consider. Be that as it may, it is ideal to be companions, she thought contemplatively. At the point when she squeezed him to give her some thought of what she could expect of her new life, he shrugged and stated: â€Å"You'll see. The individuals resemble Home, you know. You needn't have a lot to do with the locals. There are the workers, obvio usly, however they are okay. Try not to stress over it.† And he took a gander at her with so stressed a face that she didn't realize whether to chuckle or to shake him. She stated, â€Å"I wish you would mention to me what is stressing you.† Variations of this discussion happened a few times during the principal days of their excursion together. Now there would be a long quietness. At last, as though he could bear it no more, he burst out: â€Å"You won't have the option to go on as you did at home, you know.† â€Å"But what do you mean?† She hadn't thought much about local workers, or her position, yet; and clearly Richard knew her all around ok of old to figure that now. She had thought of him letters, a few every year, since he had gone abroad, however he had once in a while replied. She had not disapproved of definitely, in spite of the fact that she had thought at times, as when his six quickly scribbled lines at Christmas showed up, that it would have been charming on the off chance that he were a superior journalist; however it hadn't upset her. It pained her now, for she felt that she was confronting an outsider †a more interesting who maybe knew a lot about her and her acclimated lifestyle. She flickered at him, and attempted to improve her contemplations. She was energized, yet she was startled as well, and Richard was all she had. The memory of their dad's burial service, and she the main relative remaining alongside the priest, and of the little bunch of hirelings and inhabitants whom she had known for her entire life and who were far away from her presently, was as yet crude and later. She would not like to consider her new life; she needed chance to slide into it bit by bit. She needed to imagine that she was a visitor. â€Å"Dickie †Dick, what do you mean?† Richard more likely than not seen the pining to go home bewilderment all over. He glanced back at her despondently. â€Å"Oh †er †it's not your home, you know.† â€Å"Of course I know that!† she shouted. â€Å"I acknowledge what the Greenoughs are accomplishing for you and for me by †by taking me in.† And she included cautiously: â€Å"You disclosed all that to me in your letter.† He gestured. â€Å"Do you figure I don't have the foggiest idea how to act myself?† she said finally, urged, and was compensated by another long quiet while she felt the blood ascending in her face. â€Å"It's not that I don't think you know how,† he said finally. She recoiled, and he started: â€Å"An †â€Å" â€Å"Harry,† she said immovably. â€Å"It's still Harry.† He took a gander at her with disappointment, and she understood that she was affirming his apprehensions about her, however she wasn't going to yield about that of all things. The acknowledgment that she would demand being called Harry appeared to quiet him, since he didn't attempt to prevail upon her further, yet pulled back into his corner seat and gazed out the window. She could judge by his voice that he would not like to hurt her, however that he was really uneasy. She and Richard had been wild creatures together as little kids; however when Dickie had been stuffed off to class, their mom had hauled her into the house, generally by the ears or the scruff of the neck, and started the long troublesome procedure of transforming her into something taking after a youngster. â€Å"I assume I ought to have begun years ago,† she disclosed to her gloomy little girl; â€Å"but you were having such a decent time, and I realized Dickie would be sent away soon. I thought it scarcely reasonable that your exercises should begin sooner.† This lifted the cloud a little from her girl's forehead, so she included with a grin, â€Å"And, moreover, I've generally enjoyed riding ponies and climbing trees and falling into lakes better myself.† After such an open admission of compassion from the adversary, exercises would never be very dreadful; then again, they were not maybe as exhaustive as they would have been. On especially lovely days they regularly pressed a l

Latinos and their History in the United States

Albeit approximately joined by a typical legacy as local Spanish speakers from the Americas or their relatives, the various Latino gatherings in the United States are ethnically, racially, and socio-monetarily heterogeneous; every Latino subgroup speaking to a particular culture and topographical region of the Americas. Utilizing the terms â€Å"Latino† and the more official â€Å"Hispanic,† which the U.S. Registration Bureau received in 1970, to depict the way of life of people groups from Mexico and the nations of Central and South America and the Caribbean is tricky in a few respects.The term â€Å"Hispanic† is dismissed by numerous creators as excessively reductive in its relationship with Spain and Spanish culture, along these lines overlooking the indigenous and African legacy of numerous Latin American and Caribbean individuals. The term â€Å"Latino,† put together more impartially with respect to a personality shared using language, is seen as incr easingly helpful, if still an inadmissible name. â€Å"Chicano† and â€Å"Nuyorican,† later terms, are periodically tradable with â€Å"Mexican American† and â€Å"Mainland Puerto Rican,† in spite of the fact that the previous specifically mirrors a political articulation of ethnic pride and the last is presently geologically limiting.The differentiations between these terms, considerably subsequent to being diagram, stay as a rule vague.â Indeed, even the US Census neglects to make precise and complete definitions:People who relate to the terms â€Å"Hispanic† or â€Å"Latino† are the individuals who characterize themselves in one of the particular Hispanic or Latino classifications recorded on the questionnaireâ€â€ Mexican,† â€Å"Puerto Rican,† or â€Å"Cuban†Ã¢â‚¬as well as the individuals who show that they are â€Å"other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.† Origin can be seen as the legacy, nationality ga thering, heredity, or nation of birth of the individual or the individual's folks or precursors before their appearance in the United States. Individuals who recognize their inception as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino might be of any race.â (US Census, Subject Definitions, 2000)Current statusToday the Latino nearness has developed, as a reality of American life †this different gathering has gone to the United States and themselves become â€Å"Americans.† indeed, Latinos include the biggest minority in the US today as indicated by US Census contemplates. Moreover, their information shows that â€Å"the assessed Hispanic populace of the United States starting at July 1, 2005 [was 42.7 million] creation individuals of Hispanic birthplace the nation’s biggest ethnic or race minority. Hispanics comprised 14% of the nation’s all out population†Even today, this gathering keeps on suffering hindrances of bigotry in open arrangement and wide spread segregati on in the US. Being assembled has caused the circumstance for huge numbers of what to can freely be viewed as Latino sub-bunches both testing and difficult.â From the counter Cuban feeling in Florida to the counter Mexican divider that has been proposed by President Bush, regardless of being the biggest minority bunch in the US, these kinds of episodes and strategies guarantee that they stay only that †in the minority.FutureAs the following U.S.- conceived ages of Latinos grow up, the obstructions and torment of foundational prejudice could be assaulted more openly.â Many youngsters will begin to transparently dismiss the presumptions and speculations that propagate generalizations and keep Latino individuals in the hold of racism.Historically, in the sorted out quest for social equality and balance in the United States dark Americans have as a rule drove the way. Since at any rate the mid 1900s they have constrained the section of all major social equality laws and most of the critical official requests and court choices ensuring or broadening antidiscrimination endeavors. Latinos just as Native and Asian Americans have had the option to utilize these social equality components to battle victimization their own gatherings, and this will probably proceed in the future.Census information shows that in 2004, 21.9% of Latino individuals in the US were living in destitution and a further 32.7% needed sufficient wellbeing insurance.â Yet then again, similar investigations show that there were1.6 million organizations claimed by Latino individuals in 2002 and that from 1997 to 2002, the pace of development for organizations possessed by Latino individuals was 31% contrasted with the national normal of 10%. As indicated by 2004 information, 2.7 million Latinos beyond 18 a years old at in case a bachelor’s degree.â This implies things could well be moving in the privilege direction.â Education and business astute could well vanquish the impact s of destitution and poor clinical consideration. While these individuals keep on encountering bigotry and ethnic generalizing, there is a hidden soul of determination that props them up and will no uncertainty make ready for a more splendid future.ReferencesAgosà ­n Marjorie. â€Å"Literature.† Latinas of the Americas. Ed. K. Lynn Stoner. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.Everett C. Ladd, â€Å"Moving to an America past Race,† The Public Perspective 7 (February/March 2003)Harry J. Brill, Why Organizers Fail ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).John H. Bunzel, â€Å"Words that Smear, Like ‘Racism,’ Provoke Polarization,† San Francisco Chronicle, July 26, 2000U.S. Enumeration Bureau. Hispanic Americans By the Numbers. Recovered November 15, 2006 from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/hhmcensus1.htmlUS Census Bureau. Hispanic Population of the United States. Recovered November 15, 2006 from http://www.census.gov/populace/www/socdemo/hispanic. html

Greek Mythology Antigone Moral Obligation and Civil Disobedience - Free Essay Example

Antigone is the quintessential character who knowingly risks her life to comply with divine order, familial loyalty and social decency. Antigone, with her defensive posture of sacred laws that no human will can prohibit, is the heroine that will die to defend divine order. The conflict is with Creon, king and uncle of Antigone and Ismene, who confronts the world of politics, the world of the dead and of the gods. At the beginning, Antigone is seen as a fierce and strong woman; however, in the end we see a fragile and terrified character who accepts her death. The antagonist, Creon, represented as the dictator of human laws, fights against Antigone as she defends divine justice against Creons moral justice to the bitter end. Her actions are uncompromising. She actively participates in the decisions she has taken and obtains her strength from the nature of the divine laws, that is, honor the dead and family values. Historically, Greeks held burial of the dead as the most sacred of acts. Even after the Trojan War, an agreement and ceasefire were made to pay homage to the bodies of fallen soldiers and conduct their funerals with admirable rituals. There was extraordinary sense of identity that existed and played a significant role between the democratic city and those who fought for it. The citys and the individuals fate were one in the same and even after death, they would be remembered as honorable men continuing to live in the city. The story of Antigone begins after the armies of Argos has vanished and the two sons of Oedipus, Polynices and Eteocles, have killed each other in war. The city, represented by the Chorus, is summoned by the new ruler, Creon. It is here when Creon thanks the City for their loyal service and before announcing his first order of business, he dictates a proper burial for Eteocles to honor his loyalty as a defender of his city. He then prohibits, under punishment of death, any burial of Polynices as a punishment for his treason. The City is aware the gravity of this law is an assault on their religious laws, but ultimately, they submit to Creons law and are convinced that no one would sacrifice thei r own life to violate it. Creon believes he is the almighty ruler and his rule over every man transcends natural law. Creon is an arrogant man and his power does not allow him to see beyond his own political will. He described his power to his son,you ought to feel within your heart, subordinate to your fathers will in every way. (Fagles, 202). Creon was fully aware of the natural law and custom of burial when he issued his order. He believed he was within reason when he determined that Polynices should not be buried, as an appropriate punishment. He does not consider the moral consequences of his decisions. In the first scene, Antigone asks her sister, Ismene, to help her bury her brother Polynices. When she sees that Ismene does not have her convictions, Antigone argues that her family has suffered enough. She explains that her father, died in hatred for his actions killing his father and marrying his mother. Then his mother hung herself and their brothers killed each other in war. Ismene can only see the a uthority of the King and refuses to help Antigone. Antigone challenges Ismene to be a true sister instead of a traditional female who obeys male guardians, especially the king. (Moral and Civil Disob. Powerpoint)Rejected by her sister, Antigone acts with her conscience and buries her brother. She felt it was morally wrong to leave her brother without a proper burial. The rituals did not change the outcome of the battle or dishonor the City. Thus, Antigones rituals with Polynices body in no way harmed anyone. She accepts the consequences of defying the king and the risk to her life. Antigone followed natural law over political law.Creon believed disobeying his orders carried grave consequences Whomever the city placed on the throne should be obeyed, no matter how small the matter. He came across as a male chauvinist who believed one should never lose your sense of judgment over a woman (Fagles, 203).never let some woman triumph over us. Better to fall from power, if fall we must, in the hands of a man never be rated inferior to a woman, never. (Fagles, 205-206). When Creon finds out Antigone has disobeyed her, he orders her death.While her actions were to follow natural law, Antigones decision to contradict political law conforms to the idea of civil disobedience. Professo r Jones indicated in her Antigone outline, the main elements of Civil Disobedience include a non-violent protest of unjust actions or laws. In the play, Antigone followed her personal beliefs to defy state authority because she believed she was following a higher authority. She was not protesting the law to challenge Creons law, she was performing her moral obligation to a higher authority. She accepted the consequences because she believed no mortal had the power to contradict divine laws. The Citys response to her actions is the same goal of any civil disobedience: to question the justness of the law. The tragedy was that Creon could punish her with death, but that he was still powerless to overcome natural law and custom. Antigone is taking a position against the political rules, thus pitted against the statethe natural law of burial for everyone versus the political law of burying everyone but Polynices. The Chorus sides with Creons laws, not because they believe in them but out of fear of death. After Creon sentences Antigone to death, he is confronted by a blind prophet who foreshadows the folly of his acts. Creon realizes his mistake but is too late to save Antigone or his son. This is the triumph of natural law over his political decree. Pious Antigone loses her life but wins a moral victory against Creon. Creon loses his son, his wife and his moral authority in the process. Creons political strength was undermined by his second-guessing and lack of leadership, and ultimately failure to act. Women are shown to be submissive and unimportant in political life. Antigone took on traditional male characteristics of strength, leadership and conviction under moral authority. This is a strong woman who went beyond death by a tyrant to do what her heart dictated, that is, follow the ethical and moral laws that go beyond human beings. Because she never gave him, she remains true to her beliefs actively chooses to act in a way that guarantees her death.

The Center For Human Rights And Constitutional Law

Can the Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law Help Lead a Path for Immigrants to Become Active Citizens? Immigrants have faced many challenges when trying to become citizens of the United States. These challenges began when the Immigration Act of 1882 was passed, which gave authority to officials to deny access to the United States to anyone who was a criminal or who was uneducated (Immigration Act). This made it very hard for people coming to America to become citizens of the United States and even harder for them to become â€Å"active citizens.† Active citizens are defined as people who participate in their government fully and are not limited to what they can do legally in their community. Many people in the United States believe that all of immigrants’ rights should be secure by law. The Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law is a foundation that became unified in 1980, primarily focusing on the safety and security of immigrants, by providing certa in legal services. This non-for-profit organization provides education, support and training to vulnerable families. These services are directed toward impoverished immigrant families and immigrant families that need assistance in certain aspects of immigration law (Human Rights). By providing these services, immigrants get one step closer to playing an active role in their community. Immigrants all around the world chose to come to America to live in a free world. Often times, the countries that immigrantsShow MoreRelatedThe United States Of America1536 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens. Since declaring its Independence from Great Britain rule in 1776, the United States of America has undergone a continuous effort to maintain law and order. In order to create a strong federal government with a system of check and balances the Constitution was proposed and ratified. The Constitution of the United States became the Supreme law of the land. (The Constitution) We the People of the Unit ed States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic TranquilityRead MoreRole and Function of Law907 Words   |  4 PagesRole and Function of Law Paper Andrew Urey LAW/421 July 10, 2013 Winifred Cannon Role and Function of Law Paper In society as well as a business, law plays a significant role in their daily operation. For a society to be efficient and effective, laws have to be put into place to regulate social behavior. This paper intent is to define the functions and role of law in business and society. Finally, an example of how law is observed in the United States Navy will be elaborated upon. Read MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior to becomingRead MoreAbortion Is A Legal Right For All Women892 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the creation of the Bill of Rights, the United States of America has ensured life, liberty, and happiness to each and every citizen who resides within its broad borders. Over the course of 200 years, America has undergone several â€Å"revisions† of the law and the Constitution. Over the past several decades, debates regarding Constitutional rights have raged all over America, from state courts, all th e way to the supreme court. Recently, the constitutionality of abortion has been a major topic,Read MoreThe Constitutionality of Physician Assisted Suicide Essay example1304 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans to end their own life at their explicit request), or directly ends a patient’s life (as in a lethal medication administered by a doctor at the explicit request of the patient – euthanasia). In recent years the debate over a patient’s possible right to the aid of a physician in committing suicide has become one of the most discussed issues in medical ethics. The argument for and against PAS is not something unique to this century. It has been going on since the time of the ancient Greeks. TheRead MoreEthics of Euthanasia Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesbased on the question of whether, in certain situations, Medical practioners should be allowed to help patients actively determine the time and circumstances of their death† (Lee). â€Å"Arguments for and aga inst assisted suicide (sometimes called the â€Å"right to die† debate) are complicated by the fact that they come from very many different points of view: medical issues, ethical issues, legal issues, religious issues, and social issues all play a part in shaping people’s opinions on the subject† (Lee)Read MoreAbortion : Pro Choice And Pro Life Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion Issue in the United States (Section 1) Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in America that is centered between advocates that are pro-choice and pro-life. Intentional miscarriages occur when a women induces the termination of a human during pregnancy, the procedure happens during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Pro-life and pro-choice advocates differ in many of their opinions, over the years the government has been trying to deal with the problem/issue, and now there are possibleRead MoreThe Counter Terrorism Law1179 Words   |  5 PagesCounter terrorism Law No one can deny that the word terrorism is hated to be heard. Terrorism is commonly known as any action referring to violence against innocent citizens or causing damages to a public or private property for political purposes. According to Maria Keet, (Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town) Terrorism is resulted due to plenty of causes that made such a phenomenon be a public concern. Separatism is probably the main reason of arisingRead MoreEssay on Should Homelessness Be Criminalized?1007 Words   |  5 Pageshomelessness. These so called quality of life ordinances are meant to protect the society at large. Homeless people who violate these laws can end up with a citation or even incarcerated. Homelessness should not be criminalized, and I don’t think that panhandling, camping, or loitering in public places is a crime; furthermore, some of these laws violate constitutional rights. I’m vehemently against anti-panhandling ordinances. People who beg for money do so because they have a need to be met. TheseRead MoreThe Debate On Constitutional Interpretation1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate on Constitutional interpretation is far from a new one. For years, the argument over how the Constitution should be read has varied, from the strict textualist approach to the most lenient, the instrumentalist position. The Constitution has long been referred to in terms of being a living or dead document, and its interpretation has significant ramifications on this country’s legal climate. This paper will analyze and compare two different forms of Constitutional interpretation: originalism

The Value Of Loan Payment Essay - 928 Words

Annuity Due – an annuity due in which all the cash flow occurs at the beginning of each period ( Titman et al, 2014,p. 167). Annuity dues are payment such as apartment rent payment at the beginning of the period. The outstanding of the loan - information is helpful beyond the professional front. The outstanding interest rate can be calculated by using the same formula as a present value with a slight variation. The present outstanding value of the loan = PMT [1- 1/ (1+ annual rate of interest/m) ^number of years *m / annual rate of interest/m]. Here, m is a number of times compounding occurred in the year. Note – The book â€Å"Financial management† suggests the balance amount of loan one owes must be equal to the present value of the remaining loan payment (Titman et all, 2014). The information regarding the calculation of loan and outstanding loan gave us a fair idea about how the loan financing occur. Another important aspect learned is how the principle and i nterest affect the amount of any loan. This knowledge also brought other factors into consideration such as refinancing mortgage loan cost. The refinancing cost involves distinct hidden costs such as appraisal fee, legal fee, origination fee, and application. Hence, if one plan to refinance the loan by getting attracted to lower interest rate. The refinance must put some extra money aside to pay the refinancing cost. Future Value of Annuity payment due – PMT [(1+ i) ^n -1 / i] (1+ i). Discounting annuity due -Show MoreRelatedVisual Basic for Applications and Function Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesPMT function returns the payment amount for a loan based on an interest rate and a constant payment schedule. †¢ The syntax for the PMT function is: †¢ PMT( interest_rate, number_payments, PV, [FV], [Type] ) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ interest_rate is the interest rate for the loan. number_payments is the number of payments for the loan. PV is the present value or principal of the loan. FV is optional. It is the future value or the loan amount outstanding after all payments have been made. If this Read MoreHome Insurance Case : The Premium For PMI Insurance727 Words   |  3 PagesThe cost The premium for PMI insurance varies according to the size of the loan, and the down payment made, but is typical around one percent of the loan amount. The cost is not based on the lender’s credit score but is based on the size of the mortgage and the amount of the down payment. When it is necessary If a home buyer cannot afford to make a large down payment, typically at least twenty percent, to purchase a home, purchasing PMI insurance allows the buyer to pay as little as five percentRead MoreEssay on Solving the Foreclosure Crisis 1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe frequency of foreclosure in our nation today is dangerously high. The strain from the recent economic downturn has put many families and individuals in a financial chokehold preventing them from being able to make their monthly mortgage payments. Consequently, many of these people feel they’ve punched a one-way ticket to foreclosure. With all these homes being foreclosed on, we face a very real crisis. The best way to solve this foreclosure crisis is preventing homes from foreclosing one houseRead MoreWhat Is Private Mortgage Insurance ( PMI )?1096 Words   |  5 PagesIn the process of applying for a home loan, a borrower is typically required to make a down payment of at least twenty percent of the homes purchase price. When a borrower is unable to provide the required percentage, a PMI payment is required. What is Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI)? Also known as Primary Mortgage Insurance, PMI is the lenders insurance in the event that you default on your mortgage loan. It is a financial protection plan that seeks to protect the lender in the event thatRead MoreThe Management Of Chicago Bank1153 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Proposal 4 Loan 4 Amortization 5 Balloon Payment 5 Loan-to-Value 6 Abstract Consortium Bank - â€Å"A subsidiary bank created by numerous banks. A consortium bank is created to fund a specific project (such as providing affordable homeownership for low- and moderate-income home buyers) or to execute a specific deal (such as selling loans in the loan syndication market)†. (Investopedia, 2009) The Consortium generally strengthens the individual bank’sRead MoreSolution to the Foreclosure Crisis: Lending Laws1518 Words   |  7 Pagesbe taken to repair our nation’s foreclosure problem. We first need to reduce the risk of the loan to the lender, and then we need to increase the consumer’s buying power, and also work to make the foreclosure process more efficient. To come to any resolution at all we first need to discover how we got to where we currently are. Real estate values and how they are set must be well understood. The value of a home is determined by how much an individual is willing to pay for it at a given time. SinceRead MoreThis Model Predicts That White Pre-Retirees Have A Significantly1137 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial assets is positive, yet lessens as the value of income increases. For example, a one percent increase in income is predicted to increase financial assets by $2,770, with this amount diminishing as income continued to increase. In this study, pre-retirees were not expected to accumulate financial assets while repaying 401(k) loans, as some plans may limit participation while a loan is outstanding. Therefore, pre-retirees with qualified plan loans were not expected to take full advantage of employerRead MoreMortgage Options Analysis1161 Words   |  5 PagesAfter shopping around for a mortgage loan, you found that the following two deals from the Mortgage One Company are very attractive: Option 1: A 15-year fixed rate mortgage with no point and an APR of 5%, compounded monthly. Option 2: A 15-year fixed rate mortgage with two points and an APR of 4.5%, compounded monthly. The closing costs (not including the points) for the two loans are identical. According to the law, the interests on your mortgage payments are tax deductible. In fact, at theRead MoreGeneral Maths Financial Maths1145 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Mathematics Credit and Loans: Simple Interest and Flat Rate Loans: A flat rate loan is one where flat or simple interest is charged on an amount borrowed or principal for the term of the loan. Interest is always charged on the full amount of the loan. I = Prn P = principal r = rate per period expressed as a decimal n = number of periods E.g. Phil borrowed $4000 for three years at 8%p.a. (per annum) (flat rate) a) What is his interest? b) What is the total repaid? c)Read MorePros And Answers : Choosing The Best Loan?917 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing the best loan Fixed rate / variable rate | Amortization / interest only | Mortgage Term Options | Down payment options When you start looking for a loan program, it is important to consider the following issues: †¢ The stability of your payment. †¢ Your ability to qualify for the loan amount. †¢ How long do you plan to live in the house? †¢ If your income is stable or increasing. †¢ The possibility of significant changes in interest rates. †¢ The amount of the initial expenses. †¢ If you can comfortably

The Existence of Happiness free essay sample

The Existence of Happiness Happiness, the intangible emotion that we all desire. Is there proof that this emotion even exists? Eduardo Porter has written an essay titled â€Å"What Happiness Is†. In this essay Mr. Porter took the time to study the emotion of happiness that we all experience in life. He makes an attempt to question not only his reasons as to why he is happy, but to have the reader question their own sense of happiness as well. What is it that makes us feel joyful emotions, and how can vastly different experiences cause us to feel the same emotion that we call happiness? While searching for the proof of this feeling Eduardo Porter reflects upon his own personal experiences, professional studies and ultimately decides that his questions may never be answered. Porter states that, â€Å"most psychologists and economists who study happiness agree that what they prefer to call â€Å"subjective well-being† comprises three parts: satisfaction, meant to capture how people judge their lives measured up against their aspirations; positive feelings like joy; and the absence of negative feelings like anger. † This is an important analysis of how we form the idea of how joyful we actually are. Something in life that one person might be ashamed of could improve the level of cheerfulness for another person. For example, the thought of getting a tattoo might cause one individual to feel guilt while another individual might feel pleasure at the same thought. Because there is no definitive formula that provides a calculated experience of happiness for everyone, it is interesting to question what actions or lack thereof in our lives cause us to be cheerful or to lose some of the happiness that we have already gained. The organization of this essay was well thought out and effective. The author opens with the statement, â€Å"Happiness is a slippery concept, a bundle of meaning with no precise, stable definition. † This opening statement provokes the reader to question their own beliefs in what brings them joy and provides further interest in the topic due to the lack of confidence Porter portrays in finding answers. He then proceeds to share a few studies about happiness and his own idea of what makes him feel these emotions. He incorporates theories from well-known and educated thinkers about what makes humans happy. Sigmund Freud argued that humans, â€Å"strive after happiness; they want to become happy and to remain so. † Gandhi proposed that, â€Å"happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. † These analyses provide the reader with a starting point for questioning and answering those questions based on a professional thought process and breakdown of happiness. With these theories in mind the reader can look at their own life to help decide what actually makes them happy. Based on his professional study of this subject Porter also interjects his own reasoning for experiencing glee in life. Eduardo states that â€Å"Happiness relates directly to objective measures of people’s quality of life. † Porter believed that the more joy someone experienced in their life the better their life would be. Porter simplifies his writing so that the reader is able to assess their level of happiness from a loosely defined point of view, so that the average person has a means of tackling a difficult question. This is an important concept. The way Porter addresses happiness allows the reader to feel like they have the ability to ask the same questions about their own life and in doing so gain their own perspective into what it means for them to be happy. Throughout this essay Porter’s tone is of a pondering mindset regarding happiness, backed by personal experiences as well as professional study. This demonstrates that his interest level in what makes people feel positive emotion was strong enough to spend time to search for these answers. This had a positive influence on his readers; a large majority of individuals can relate to this topic and explore it for themselves. Most people strive for more happiness in their life, but fail to question what is actually making them or not making them happy in the first place. The essay makes you question if you have attempted to search for these answers in your own life. And if you are not happy – then why have you not questioned and searched for these answers? If you have asked these questions, why are you still feeling the same emotions that you wish to change, what changes have you not made? Porter also uses multiple economic reasons as a means of translating how much or how little happiness individuals can achieve. Along with many economists, Porter believes that in our modern time our search for more happiness co-exists with our desire and search for more money. We believe achieving a greater status in society, and receiving more money along with that level of status will make us truly happy. Our attempt in reaching these goals can have a negative effect, because the majority of people do not actually know what it is they want from life when this status is reached. Therefore, we as individuals may never achieve the level of joy we are searching for. After reading this essay you question what it is that you actually want out of life. If you do know, are you taking the right steps to achieve your goals? After reading Eduardo Porter’s take on why and what makes humans happy, many questions are left unanswered. Porter achieved his goal of interjecting multiple professional studies of what happiness is, as well as introducing his beliefs about this emotion as it relates to his life. This in turn makes his readers question their own emotional situations. What makes them happy? Most individuals would agree that the topic of this essay is, and has been, a pertinent question for as far back as we can remember. Porter knew that everyone at one point in time felt some form of happiness, and the actions that cause people to feel happy are completely different from one person to the next. Porter’s search for the definition and reason behind happiness are still unanswered questions, and most likely will remain this way, because it’s impossible to be universally define happiness. It’s also impossible to give just one reason as to why someone is happy or not. Joy is intangible; it is not measurable by a bank account or a status in society. Still we strive to feel it and achieve more of it, but we will never have a universal definition as to what this emotion actually is. We can only hope to increase its experience in our own lives.

The Invention of Photography The Daguerreotype Essay Example For Students

The Invention of Photography The Daguerreotype Essay Photography has become the catalyst for social and cultural memory and a tool for scientific advancement. The world owes a great deal to the early inventors of the latent image for their patience and skill, for without photography one might consider the world an unmemorable place. The first step in photography’s dissemination into the world came by way of a Frenchman named Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre. His process known as the daguerreotypes quickly circulated throughout the Western world, and Daguerre, from the day of the daguerreotype announcement in August 1839, became known to the world as the father of photography. Understanding the importance of Daguerre’s process of the daguerreotype requires an analysis with three particular categories; the first being the historical context in which the process was created. Secondly, social and cultural significance of the daguerreotype era plays a vital role in how the process is understood as a photographic object, and how it functioned in the society in which it thrived in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Thirdly, one must examine the process of deterioration and preservation to be aware of the physical nature of the object, and methods of ensuring the longevity of the image. We will write a custom essay on The Invention of Photography The Daguerreotype specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Amalgamating these components will allow for a full analysis of a daguerreotype image and provide a case for the importance of daguerreotype images within photographic collections. Historically, the antecedent to the invention of photography can be traced as far back as the fifth century BC when Mo Ti recorded that â€Å"the reflected light rays of an illuminated object passing through a pinhole into a darkened enclosure resulted in an inverted but otherwise exact image of the object. This concept of using a small aperture to project images resulted in inquisitive experiments through the following centuries until the Renaissance when a device was created that would manage and direct this optical phenomenon. The apparatus was called the camera obscura, literally translated to dark room and â€Å"is basically a dark chamber, or box, with an opening at one end through which light passes. The light entering the camera obscura falls onto the wall opposite to form an image. † The d evice became a popular tool for those interested in rendering an exact pictorial representation of physical nature. Algarotti, a writer on art and science in the latter half of the eighteenth century, advocated the use of the camera obscura stating that â€Å"Painters should make the same use of the Camera Obscura, which Naturalists and Astronomers make of the microscope and telescope; for all these instruments equally contribute to make known, and represent Nature. † The camera obscura and the science of light rays continued to develop throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as technology advanced. Further developments were made to the camera obscura by adding lenses of different lengths to sharpen and broaden the image. The experiments with light and perception were then coupled with the knowledge of chemical compounds that would later lead to photographic science. In 1725 Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that â€Å"silver nitrate darkened when exposed to sunlight and that this change was the result of exposure to light and not heat. † This discovery is crucial to photography as it forms the basis for the science of the medium. As time progressed, experiments involving silver halides and their reaction with light slowly crept closer to the invention of photography. Particularly, the work of Thomas Wedgwood and Humphry Davy was an immense contribution to photographic science. Wedgwood and Humphry discovered that â€Å"it was possible to chemically transfer by means of light,† and had they been able to find a way to arrest the development of the silver salts photography may have been introduced forty years earlier. The stage was set for photography, and successful experiments were recorded during the same time as Daguerre worked on his theory. Joseph Nicephore Niepce, who would become Daguerre’s partner, played a crucial role in the daguerreotype’s development. Without Niepce’s experiments daguerreotypes may not have been on a metal support. Niepce worked with a process he called Heliography, meaning sun-writing. In this process he used bitumen, a material â€Å"that hardens and becomes insoluble when exposed to light. † He used glass and pewter coated with bitumen as supports for the transfer of engravings. The engraving would be made translucent with lavender oil or varnish and placed against the bitumen. Placing the sandwich into the sunlight for exposure â€Å"the bitumen hardened on the portions not covered by the lines of the print and remained soluble on the rest of the plate; after washing, an image appeared with the bare pewter forming the line. † In 1827 Niepce created his famous positive-negative image from his home in France using a camera obscura with a pewter plate coated with bitumen placed inside the camera. During the same time period, William Henry Fox Talbot was working in England on his calotype process. Talbot used writing paper coated with silver nitrate and soaked in a solution of potassium iodide to create what he termed iodized paper. Before the paper was exposed a solution of silver nitrate and gallic acid was used to coat the iodized paper. The treated paper was then exposed in the camera using an exposure time from one minute to an hour. A latent image was formed by the action of light on the treated paper. In a darkened room, the paper was then washed in another bath of silver nitrate and gallic acid to develop the latent image. The paper would then be washed in a fixing solution of potassium bromide or a solution of hypo. A positive image could be made from the calotype negative and was usually done so by using Talbot’s original process of salted paper, which yielded the best results from the negative. This process included soaking a sheet of paper in table salt, and when dried, brushing on a solution of silver nitrate as to embed light-sensitive silver chloride into the paper fibers. Sandwiched under glass against the calotype negative and exposed to bright sunlight a visible positive image appeared. The image would be fixed, as the negative was, washed and dried. Talbot’s process was introduced to the world in 1841, but under the restriction of a patent, which is one reason the daguerreotype generated a greater popularity in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Daguerre himself was also experimenting with trying to fix the image produced in the camera obscura. His interest was a result of his work with the Diorama in Paris. The Diorama was a popular form of entertainment in the 1830’s of which Daguerre was the creator and proprietor. Daguerre used his skill to render the effect of light to create the illusion of time and movement on mural sized paintings. In so doing, the Diorama provided the illusion of a moving picture show. Daguerre used the camera obscura to aid in his paintings for the Diorama, which triggered his interest in a method of freezing the reflected image of the camera. The collaboration between Daguerre and Niepce began in 1827 when the two men were introduced by their mutual optician in Paris, Charles Chevalier, who noticed both were working towards a common goal in their experiments. After two years of communication Daguerre and Niepce entered into a partnership to mutually work towards fixing an image. After Niepce’s death in 1833 Daguerre took the basis of his research and continued to improve on the theories of using a silver plate coated with iodine. It was in 1835 when Daguerre discovered that mercury fumes could bring the latent image to surface on the exposed silver plate. Further investigation lead Daguerre to discover that a solution of common table salt and hot water would stop further development of the image. .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .postImageUrl , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:hover , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:visited , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:active { border:0!important; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:active , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Edward Weston: American Photographer EssayDaguerre realized the potential of his findings, and immediately began to seek a venue to sell his invention. It was through the collaboration with esteemed scientist Francois Arago that Daguerre achieved his financial reward. An agreement was met between Niepce’s son, Isidore, to name the process the daguerreotype as Daguerre felt he had furthered the process enough to call it his own. Arago introduced the daguerreotype to the Academie des Sciences in France on August 19, 1839 to rave reviews. A booklet was produced detailing the process and descriptive drawings of the equipment used. The daguerreotype process that was given free to the world was made on a sheet of silver-plated copper polished to mirror-like luminosity. The plate was exposed to the fumes of iodine to create a light sensitive silver halide. A latent image would then be formed on the silver plate after an in-camera exposure. The plate was then exposed to mercury fumes, which act as a catalyst to bring the silver particles to the surface of the plate. Finally, the image was fixed in a bath of sodium thiosulfate to remove the remaining photosensitive silver. The brilliance of the image in its tonal range and its unsurpassed ability to render detail are due to the microscopic scattering of silver particles. The result is a reversed, unique image suggested by Arago in his address to the Academie des Sciences, as having multiple uses in the sciences and the hopes of portraiture. The daguerreotype quickly disseminated around the Western world, and although it was a French invention, it thrived in America. Samuel F. B. Morse, who had witnessed Daguerre’s invention in Paris, first introduced America to the daguerreotype in 1839 in an article in the New York Observer. The photographic medium was embraced by Americans, and according to Allan Trachtenberg, this was because of the social and political climate of the late 1830’s. America was undergoing reform in many social institutions and scientific methodologies. Forums for the practice of daguerreotypy quickly emerged within the social context of America, and the daguerreotype aided in the projection of new ways of thinking and pushed the impetus of American nationalism. The proliferation of the use of the daguerreotype for portraiture was overwhelming in America. Further advancement with Daguerre’s process made it possible to achieve shorter exposure times, and therefore, made portraiture a possibility. The daguerreotype replaced the expensive painted miniature, making it achievable for the common person to afford a portrait. Portrait studios sprung up all over the country, particularly on the east coast where there were thousands making money off of the new, highly demanded medium. Most notable of these practitioners are Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes who had a studio in Boston. The two men were highly regarded for their extreme skill and exceptionally executed portraits. Daguerreotypes made by Southworth and Hawes are noted for their lighting, composition and posing. Compared to other portrait daguerreotypes, Southworth and Hawes exemplify the height of the medium as an art form. As seen in figure 1, the young ladies appear natural and graceful. The image projects a mood with carefully directed lighting and artful composition. The daguerreotype portrait was readily accepted into American culture as a tactile object. Replacing the painting miniature, the daguerreotype because of its fragile surface was placed into protective and decorative castings. The casings of daguerreotypes are important in their function in society, as they attribute to the precious and sentimental value of the object that would be handled and reviewed regularly. To create a daguerreotype case â€Å"a mat was placed in front of the image with a piece of glass in front of that, and all was permanently held in place by sealing paper around the edges. By 1847 a small frame of paper-thin brass called a mat preserver further wrapped the edges and became popular as an extra protection and enhanced decoration for the presentation. The whole unit was in a miniature case, and the item was complete. † This protective casing not only allowed for the handling of the portraits, but also added a decorative and lavish embellishment. The casing can also be used as a dating method. The image in figure 2 has no known information, however, the mat preserver has lead the author to estimate the image was made between 1850 and 1860, as this form of mat preserver was used during that decade. The daguerreotype also played a significant role in new methodologies surrounding scientific milieus. Arago predicted the daguerreotype’s value to supply â€Å"immediate and faithful detail for astronomers, naturalists, and physicians who had formerly relied on the skillful but subjective hand of the artist to copy objects of research. † The extreme depth and detail of the daguerreotype image provided a visual record inconceivable by the human hand. The benefit to scientific cataloging and visual records was unsurpassable. The daguerreotype was also used in the science of polygenesis, which during the latter half of the nineteenth century was based on the belief that each race was a distinct species. Louis Agassiz’s slave daguerreotypes (figure 3) exemplify the racial and political uses of photography during this time period. The images of the slaves â€Å"had two purposes, one nominally scientific, the other frankly political. They were designed to analyze the physical difference between European whites and African blacks, but at the same time they were meant to prove the superiority of the white race. † The Agassiz images are an example of the discursive uses that daguerreotypes were used to support. The nature of the subject matter within the daguerreotypes took on a meaning that projected the cultural theories and atheistic values of the politics of race in the nineteenth century. Whether a daguerreotype image was being used for portraiture or science the image was appropriated into the social context of the nineteenth century. The daguerreotype image changed the mechanics of self representation and created an industry in America that became monumental in cultural and political framework of a restructuring nation. Daguerreotypes brought to science a meticulous visual record, unsurpassed by anything the human hand could render, which pushed scientific fields in new methods of discovery. Furthermore, the daguerreotype was used to support the controlling forces of the period. The nature of the image in its clarity and brilliance, created a visual truth that could not be denied due to the daguerreotype’s reputation of a lucid and objective representation of reality. Understanding the daguerreotype requires an analysis of the make-up of the image structure, and the implications of deterioration so as to protect the irreplaceable, unique object. As can be seen in a microscopic image, â€Å"the image is encoded on the array of particles on the plate’s surface. Understanding the interaction of the particle-studded surface with reflected light allows us to account for image appearance, quality, and the loss of image when daguerreotypes become tarnished or corroded. † Susan Barger and William White suggest that the daguerreotype is defined by the microstructure rather than the chemical composition. .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .postImageUrl , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:hover , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:visited , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:active { border:0!important; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:active , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Invention and History of Indian Film EssayTherefore, the silver-mercury particles that form the image on the plate will inevitably change over time and cause deterioration of the plate surface and alter the appearance of the image. The image in figure 2 has noticeable tarnish deterioration around the mat edge. This coloured tarnish is a complicated chemical compound primarily based on silver oxide, as such, the silver particles darken with age and produced the tarnish damage that is visible in figure 4. The image in figure 2, and the microscopic enhancement of that image in figure 4, conveys a strongly constructed image structure. This is known because of the highly visible negative-positive image on the plate and clear definition of tone. The author is lead to believe that this plate would have been created with multiple halide coatings. Adding bromine and a second coating of iodine to the plate before exposure in the camera was an advancement made after Daguerre introduced the daguerreotype. Susan Barger explains that â€Å"the major contribution of multiple sensitizations is that it improves the possibility of forming the optimal microstructure which will produce the best visible image. The image stability in figure 2 would also suggest that the daguerreotype has not been a victim to harsh cleaning methods that were employed in the early part of the twentieth century. Daguerreotypes have been casualties of untimely corrosion due to improper and harmful cleaning methods. Due to the delicate microstructure of the image the use of solvent cleaners, such as potassium cyanide, to remove tarnish has also removed part of the image structure, namely, silver, mercury, gold and copper. The use of inappropriate cleaners has caused many daguerreotypes prior to the 1970’s to suffer from image fading. The growth of molds can also plague daguerreotypes caused by the decomposition of the glass cover. Cleaning methods have been highly tested and monitored over the past thirty years by Susan Barger and her colleagues. Barger suggests that the electrocleaning process is the safest and most efficient method of cleaning tarnish corrosion. Using this method, a silver wand is used to target the problem areas while the daguerreotype is placed in a bath of ammonium hydroxide. Using electrodes and electrolytes the daguerreotype is spot cleaned resulting in successful removal of tarnish while keeping the microstructure unaltered and free of further corrosion products. In the case of molds the daguerreotype should be re-packaged with modern glass and an unbuffered board to provide a low alkaline environment. The most important measure that can be taken to prevent mold growth is to maintain a constant relative humidity in the storage environment, as to avoid temperature change within the glass encasement. Ensuring there are proper cleaning and storage conditions for daguerreotypes is vital in their longevity. It is thanks to the delicate microstructure of the daguerreotype image that one can marvel in its extreme rendering of detail, but it is also the microstructure that requires stable conditions to maintain the particle composition that provides such detail. It is evident that the evolution of the daguerreotype is strongly based in the areas defined above. The historical context that surrounds the daguerreotype at the time if its inception is key to its dissemination throughout the Western world. The predecessors to Daguerre’s invention are vital in photography’s history, as they too play an important role in the development of the science of light and optics, as well as the progression towards the understanding of photochemistry. Daguerre’s partnership with Niepce is also essential in the daguerreotype’s invention. Without Niepce, Daguerre would not have the image support of metal or basic chemistry that builds the skeleton of his process. Historical context, therefore, is crucial in understanding Daguerre’s invention, and why he is considered the creator of photography. The social and cultural implications of the daguerreotype flourished in America. Understanding that the social and political structure of America in the latter half of the nineteenth century was based in reform provides a cultural context as to why the daguerreotype proliferated there. The portrait daguerreotype took-over from the painted miniature, and this can explain the way the daguerreotype was cased. The casings were tactile objects to be shared and treasured, and the detailed decoration provided a status for the sentimental memento, as well as a protective housing. The daguerreotype also thrived within scientific milieus. The objective truth of the daguerreotype and mechanical nature provided precise and immediate records for many fields of scientific investigation. However, daguerreotypes were also appropriated, because of the nature of the medium, to project an idealistic thought of power. Looking at the microstructure of daguerreotype particles can help one to understand preservation and conservation issues. Being able to preserve these unique one-of-a-kind images is clearly beneficial due to the vast amount of information they hold as historical objects. The daguerreotype also provides the first piece of the photographic puzzle. Although the daguerreotype only prospered from 1840–1860 before being replaced by the reproducible and relatively more portable wet-collodion process, the social and cultural implications of the daguerreotype era are great. The facets of the daguerreotype’s inextricable structure of historical, social and physical elements bind to provide a view starting point for photography’s history. The daguerreotype, inevitably, represents the beginning of a medium. However, the daguerreotype is also a form of photography that no other process can shine a light to in terms of brilliance, detail and mystic. Bibliography: A History of Photography, â€Å"Camera Obscura,† Robert Leggat, http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/index.html (accessed November 26, 2006). Banta, Melissa. A Curious Ingenious Art: Reflections on Daguerreotypes at Harvard Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000. Barger, Susan M., S.V. Krishnaswamy, and R. Messier. â€Å"The Cleaning of Daguerreotypes: Comparison of Cleaning Methods,† Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 22 no.1 (1982), http://www/jstor.org/ (accessed November 26, 2006). Barger, Susan M., William B. White. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2000. Buerger, Janet E. French Daguerreotypes. London: University of Chicago Press, 1989. The Daguerreian Society. http://www.daguerre.org/ (accessed November 25, 2006). Foresta, Merry A., and John Wood. Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. Mace, O. Henry. Collector’s Guide to Early Photographs. Iola: Krause Publications, 1999. Mattingly, Carol. Appropriate Dress: Women’s Rhetorical Style in Nineteenth- Century America. United States of America: Southern Illinois University, 2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Divine Perfection: The Daguerreotype in Europe and America.† The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 56, no. 4 (Spring, 1999), http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed November 26, 2006). Newhall, Beaumont. Daguerre. New York: Winter House Ltd., 1971. Newhall, Beaumont. The Daguerreotype in America. New York: Dover Publications, 1976. Romer, Grant, and Brian Wallis, eds. Young America: The Daguerreotypes of Southworth Hawes. New York: International Centre of Photography; George Eastman House, Gottingen, Germany: Steidl, 2005. Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of Photography. New York: Abbeville Press, 1997. Severa, Joan L., ed. My Likeness Taken: Daguerreian Portraits in America. Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2005. Wallis, Brian. â€Å"Black Bodies, White Science: Louis Agassiz’s Slave Daguerreotypes,† American Art 9, no. 2 (1995), http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed November 26, 2006). Wood, John, ed. The Daguerreotype: A Sesquicentennial Celebration. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989.